Primary Memory and Its types (RAM, ROM):
Primary memory is computer memory that is accessed directly by the CPU.
Primary memory is the main memory of the computer system. Accessing data from primary memory is faster because it is an internal memory of the computer.
ROM (Read Only Memory):
Read-only memory (ROM) chips are located on the motherboard and other circuit boards. ROM chips contain instructions that can be directly accessed by a CPU. Basic instructions for operation, such as booting the computer and loading the operating system, are stored in ROM. ROM is Non-volatile memory, which means ROM chips retain their contents even when the computer is powered down. The contents cannot be erased or changed by normal means.
1. ROM: Read-only memory chips. Information is written to a ROM chip when it is manufactured. A ROM chip cannot be erased or re-written and is obsolete.
2. PROM: Programmable read-only memory. Information is written to a PROM chip after it is manufactured. A PROM chip cannot be erased or re-written.
3. EPROM: Erasable programmable read-only memory. Information is written to an EPROM chip after it is manufactured. An EPROM chip can be erased with exposure to UV light. Special equipment is required.
4. EEPROM: Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory. Information is written to an EEPROM chip after it is manufactured. EEPROM chips are also called Flash ROMs. An EEPROM chip can be erased and re-written without having to remove the chip from the computer.
NOTE: ROM is sometimes called firmware. This is misleading, because firmware is actually the software that is stored in a ROM chip.
RAM (Random Access Memory):
RAM is the temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the CPU. RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off. The more RAM in a computer, the more capacity the computer has to hold and process large programs and files. More RAM also enhances system performance. The maximum amount of RAM that can be installed is limited by the motherboard.
1. DRAM: Dynamic RAM is a memory chip that is used as main memory. DRAM must be constantly refreshed with pulses of electricity in order to maintain the data stored within the chip.
2. SRAM: Static RAM is a memory chip that is used as cache memory. SRAM is much faster than DRAM and does not have to be refreshed as often. SRAM is much more expensive than DRAM.
3. FPM MEMORY: Fast Page Mode DRAM is memory that supports paging. Paging enables faster access to the data than regular DRAM. FPM memory was used in Intel 486 and Pentium systems.
4. EDO MEMORY: Extended Data Out RAM is memory that overlaps consecutive data accesses. This speed up the access time to retrieve data from memory, because the CPU does not have to wait for one data access cycle to end before another data access cycle begins.
5. SDRAM: Synchronous DRAM is DRAM that operates in synchronization with the memory bus. The memory bus is the data path between the CPU and the main memory. Control signals are used to coordinate the exchange of data between SDRAM and the CPU.
6. DDR SDRAM: Double Data Rate SDRAM is memory that transfers data twice as fast as SDRAM. DDR SDRAM increases performance by transferring data twice per clock cycle.
7. DDR2 SDRAM: Double Data Rate 2 SDRAM is a faster than DDR-SDRAM memory. DDR2 SDRAM improves performance over DDR SDRAM by decreasing noise and crosstalk between the signal wires.
8. DDR3 SDRAM: Double Data Rate 3 SDRAM expands memory bandwidth by doubling the clock rate of DDR2 SDRAM. DDR3 SDRAM consumes less power and generates less heat than DDR2 SDRAM.
9. RDRAM: RAMBus DRAM is a memory chip that was developed to communicate at very high rates of speed. RDRAM chips are not commonly used.
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